关于美国南北战争

关于美国南北战争,第1张

林肯在1860年美国总统选举获胜引发南卡罗莱那州脱离联邦。到1861年2月,再多六个州脱离。在2月7日,七个州为邦联采纳临时宪法并在蒙哥马里建立首都。战前的2月在华盛顿特区召开的1861和平会议尝试解决危机失败。其余南部各州仍然留在联邦。部分脱离联邦的州夺取在范围内的联邦要塞(但未取得萨姆特堡),总统布坎南抗议,但除尝试补给桑特堡失败外没有作出认真的军事反应。不过,麻萨诸塞州、纽约州及宾夕法尼亚州的州长秘密购入武器及训练军队。

少於一个月后,在1861年3月4日,林肯正式就任美国总统,在他的总统就职会场上,他主张宪法作为一个「更完美的结合」,有别於之前的邦联条例作为一份有约束力合约;并宣称脱离联邦「在法律上无效」。他声称无意入侵南部州份,但将使用武力以维持联邦物业的所有权。他的演说以恢复联邦关系的请求结束。

南部曾经派出代表到华盛顿并愿意为联邦物业付出代价及与美国讨论和平条约。林肯以邦联不是合法政府为由拒绝任何与邦联代表的交涉,而交涉等同承认邦联为一个有主权的政府。

南卡罗莱那州查尔斯顿的萨姆特堡是三个在邦联范围内仍然受联邦控制的要塞之一,而且林肯坚持要守住它。在邦联总统杰佛逊·戴维斯的命令下,邦联政府的皮瑞·波利加德部队在4月12日炮击要塞,迫使要塞投降。北方应林肯向各州的号召派遣部队重夺要塞及保护联邦。在当时叛乱显示的小规模,林肯在90天召集74,000志愿者。在数个月前,部分州长已经慎重地准备了民兵;在次日开始行动。

四个上南方州(田纳西州、阿肯色州、北卡罗莱那州及维吉尼亚州)虽曾经多次拒绝邦联提议,但此时拒绝联邦派遣军队对抗他们的同胞,宣布脱离联邦,并加入邦联。为报答维吉尼亚州,邦联迁都到里奇蒙。那个城市是邦联的标志;一旦失守,邦联将失去法律地位。里奇蒙是一个在迂回曲折的补给线上难以防守的地点。虽然里奇蒙已经深沟高垒,城市的补给被谢尔曼占据亚特兰大削弱并在格兰特包围彼得斯堡及补给里奇蒙的铁路后完全中断。

林肯在1860年美国总统选举获胜引发南卡罗莱那州脱离联邦。到1861年2月,再多六个州脱离。在2月7日,七个州为邦联采纳临时宪法并在蒙哥马里建立首都。战前的2月在华盛顿特区召开的1861和平会议尝试解决危机失败。其余南部各州仍然留在联邦。部分脱离联邦的州夺取在范围内的联邦要塞(但未取得萨姆特堡),总统布坎南抗议,但除尝试补给桑特堡失败外没有作出认真的军事反应。不过,麻萨诸塞州、纽约州及宾夕法尼亚州的州长秘密购入武器及训练军队。

少於一个月后,在1861年3月4日,林肯正式就任美国总统,在他的总统就职会场上,他主张宪法作为一个「更完美的结合」,有别於之前的邦联条例作为一份有约束力合约;并宣称脱离联邦「在法律上无效」。他声称无意入侵南部州份,但将使用武力以维持联邦物业的所有权。他的演说以恢复联邦关系的请求结束。

南部曾经派出代表到华盛顿并愿意为联邦物业付出代价及与美国讨论和平条约。林肯以邦联不是合法政府为由拒绝任何与邦联代表的交涉,而交涉等同承认邦联为一个有主权的政府。

南卡罗莱那州查尔斯顿的萨姆特堡是三个在邦联范围内仍然受联邦控制的要塞之一,而且林肯坚持要守住它。在邦联总统杰佛逊·戴维斯的命令下,邦联政府的皮瑞·波利加德部队在4月12日炮击要塞,迫使要塞投降。北方应林肯向各州的号召派遣部队重夺要塞及保护联邦。在当时叛乱显示的小规模,林肯在90天召集74,000志愿者。在数个月前,部分州长已经慎重地准备了民兵;在次日开始行动。

四个上南方州(田纳西州、阿肯色州、北卡罗莱那州及维吉尼亚州)虽曾经多次拒绝邦联提议,但此时拒绝联邦派遣军队对抗他们的同胞,宣布脱离联邦,并加入邦联。为报答维吉尼亚州,邦联迁都到里奇蒙。那个城市是邦联的标志;一旦失守,邦联将失去法律地位。里奇蒙是一个在迂回曲折的补给线上难以防守的地点。虽然里奇蒙已经深沟高垒,城市的补给被谢尔曼占据亚特兰大削弱并在格兰特包围彼得斯堡及补给里奇蒙的铁路后完全中断。

由於在维吉尼亚州马纳沙斯小撮邦联军队的猛烈抵抗,在1861年7月,在尔温·麦克道威少将率领一次向邦联的行军并进行第一次马纳沙斯之役[5](第一次牛奔河之役),及后被邦联军将领约瑟夫‧强斯顿及皮瑞·波利加德击退返回华盛顿。这次战役邦联军将领汤玛士·杰克森得到「石墙」的称号,因为他有如石墙般抵御联邦军队。被这次失败所惊醒,及以防更多奴隶州脱离联邦,同年7月25日美国国会通过Crittenden-Johnson Resolution,声称战争是为保存联邦而不是终止奴隶制度。

乔治‧麦克莱伦少将在7月26日接手联邦波多马克军团(他曾当联邦军司令,但其后让亨利·郝列克接替),战争在1862年正式展开。

在总统林肯强烈要求开始进攻行动下,麦克莱伦在1862年春季由里奇蒙东南,约克河与詹姆斯河之间的维吉尼亚半岛入侵维吉尼亚州。虽然麦克莱伦在半岛行动(Peninsula Campaign)[6]中到达里奇蒙大门,约瑟夫‧强斯顿在七松之役(Battle of Seven Pines)阻止他的前进,继后罗伯特·李和部下詹姆斯·隆史崔特、约瑟夫‧强斯顿[7]在七天战役将他击退。北维吉尼亚行动,包括第二次牛奔河之役,均以南方胜利告终。[8]麦克莱伦违反司令郝列克增援约翰‧波普在维吉尼亚州联邦军的命令,令罗伯特·李的邦联军更易打败为数两倍的敌军。

在第二次牛奔河之役的鼓励下,邦联首次入侵北部,9月5日李将军率领北维吉尼亚军团45,000人越过波多马克河进入马里兰州。林肯随后向麦克莱伦归还波普的部队。9月17日麦克莱伦和李在马里兰州夏普斯堡附近安提耶坦之役[9]交战,是美国历史上最血腥的一天。李的军队到最后被制止,在被麦克莱伦歼灭之前回到维吉尼亚州。安提耶坦之役被认为是联邦的胜利,因为它阻止李的北侵并让林肯有机会宣布《解放奴隶宣言》[10]

谨慎的麦克莱伦未能在安提耶坦追击后,他被安伯洛斯·本赛少将接替。本赛很快就在12月13日的弗雷德里克斯堡战役[11]落败,向玛莉高地正面进攻徒劳无功,超过12,000联邦士兵伤亡。战役后本赛被约瑟夫·胡克少将接替。胡克同样不能击败李的军队,虽然数量上与邦联比较超过2比1,他在1863年5月在钱斯勒斯维尔战役[12]遭到羞辱。在6月李的第二次北侵被乔治·米德少将接替。米德在7月1日至7月3日的最血腥的盖茨堡之役[13]打败李,并被认为是整场内战的转捩点。在7月3日的皮克特冲锋亦是邦联军的最后高潮,不单是因为它代表了李将军计划向华盛顿施压的终结,而且控制密西西比河的主要据点维克斯堡在翌日陷落。李军死伤约28,000人(米德军23,000人)。但是林肯不满米德未能拦截李的撤退,在米德非决定性的秋季攻势后,林肯决定转向西部战场一决雌雄。

正当联盟军在东部取得了无数的胜利时,然而他们却在最关键的西部上失败了。联盟军在早期的Pea Ridge战役中被联邦军从密苏里州赶了出去。另外,联盟国的李欧尼达斯·波克(Leonidas Polk)将军在肯塔基州发动的侵入行动,结果也激怒了该州的民众,因此,肯塔基州便成为了联盟国的敌人。

纳许维尔(田纳西州的首府)也於1862年输给了联邦军。自从1862年5月份,密西西比州的第10号岛(Island No 10)、密苏里州的New Madrid、田纳西州的孟菲斯和路易西安纳州的纽奥良几个南方大城市都被联邦军占领了,从此,联邦军便可在密西西比州的土地上如「入无人之境」一般。只剩下Vicksburg(密西西比州西南部的城市)在整条河的对岸继续与联邦抗拒。

联盟军的布雷斯顿·布瑞格(Braxton Bragg)将军亦在第二次肯塔基州的侵略行动中被联邦军的比尔(Don Carlos Buell)将军,於血腥的培利维尔(Perryvillel)战役中被赶走。数月后又在Stone River战役里被William S Rosecrans的军团於田纳西州打败。但庆幸的是,联盟军於近田纳西州的边境,乔治亚州里的奇卡牟加战役(battle of Chickamauga)中取得了胜利。因为布雷斯顿·布瑞格将军在这场战役里得到了James Longstreet军团的支援(李将军的东部援军)。尽管联邦的George Henry Thomas军团在那里英勇奋守,最终也只能撤退。

联邦的主要战争策略是来自西部的尤里西斯·辛普森·格兰特(Grant,Ulysses Simpson)所出的谋略,他曾在这次内战中控制了敌军的Donelson和Henry等要塞,和田纳西州的坎伯兰河。巩固了联邦政府对於密西西比州的控制,以及开始了美国内战的转捩点。而且,尤里西斯将军更把联盟军由田纳西州赶了出去,并向联盟国的「心脏」地点进行入侵,那就是乔治亚州的亚特兰大。

对应翻译

The war begins

For more details on this topic, see Battle of Fort Sumter

Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union By February 1861, six more Southern states made similar declarations On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Alabama A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington in a failed attempt at resolving the crisis The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy Confederate forces seized most of the federal forts within their boundaries President Buchanan protested but made no military response aside from a failed attempt to resupply Fort Sumter via the ship Star of the West, which was fired upon by South Carolina forces and turned back before it reached the fort[68] However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania quietly began buying weapons and training militia units

On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void"[69] He stated he had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but that he would use force to maintain possession of federal property His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union[70]

The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents on the grounds that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government[71] However, Secretary of State William Seward engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed[71]

Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Monroe, Fort Pickens and Fort Taylor were the remaining Union-held forts in the Confederacy, and Lincoln was determined to hold Fort Sumter Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, troops controlled by the Confederate government under P G T Beauregard bombarded the fort with artillery on April 12, forcing the fort's capitulation Northerners rallied behind Lincoln's call for all of the states to send troops to recapture the forts and to preserve the Union With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days[72] For months before that, several Northern governors had discreetly readied their state militias; they began to move forces the next day[73] Liberty Arsenal in Liberty, Missouri was seized eight days after Fort Sumter

Four states in the upper South (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Virginia), which had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, now refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond[74] The city was the symbol of the Confederacy Richmond was in a highly vulnerable location at the end of a tortuous Confederate supply line Although Richmond was heavily fortified, supplies for the city would be reduced by Sherman's capture of Atlanta and cut off almost entirely when Grant besieged Petersburg and its railroads that supplied the Southern capital

Anaconda Plan and blockade, 1861

Main articles: Naval battles of the American Civil War, Union blockade, and Confederate States Navy

1861 cartoon of Scott's "Anaconda Plan"Winfield Scott, the commanding general of the US Army, devised the Anaconda Plan[75] to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy; then the capture of the Mississippi River would split the South Lincoln adopted the plan, but overruled Scott's warnings against an immediate attack on Richmond

In May 1861, Lincoln enacted the Union blockade of all Southern ports, ending regular international shipments to the Confederacy When violators' ships and cargoes were seized, they were sold and the proceeds given to Union sailors, but the British crews were released By late 1861, the blockade stopped most local port-to-port traffic The blockade shut down King Cotton, ruining the Southern economy British investors built small, fast "blockade runners" that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Bermuda, Cuba and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton and tobacco[76] Shortages of food and other goods triggered by the blockade, foraging by Northern armies, and the impressment of crops by Confederate armies combined to cause hyperinflation and bread riots in the South[77]

On March 8, 1862, the Confederate Navy waged a fight against the Union Navy when the ironclad CSS Virginia attacked the blockade; against wooden ships she seemed unstoppable but the next day she had to fight the new Union warship USS Monitor in the Battle of the Ironclads[78] The battle ended in a draw, which was a strategic victory for the Union in that the blockade was sustained The Confederacy lost the Virginia when the ship was scuttled to prevent capture, and the Union built many copies of Monitor Lacking the technology to build effective warships, the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain The Union victory at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in January 1865 closed the last useful Southern port and virtually ended blockade running

Eastern Theater 1861–1863

For more details on this topic, see Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

A Union Regimental Fife and Drum CorpsBecause of the fierce resistance of a few initial Confederate forces at Manassas, Virginia, in July 1861, a march by Union troops under the command of Maj Gen Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces there was halted in the First Battle of Bull Run, or First Manassas,[79] whereupon they were forced back to Washington, DC, by Confederate troops under the command of Generals Joseph E Johnston and P G T Beauregard It was in this battle that Confederate General Thomas Jackson received the nickname of "Stonewall" because he stood like a stone wall against Union troops[80] Alarmed at the loss, and in an attempt to prevent more slave states from leaving the Union, the US Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25 of that year, which stated that the war was being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery

Maj Gen George B McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj Gen Henry W Halleck), and the war began in earnest in 1862 Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond Although McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign,[81][82][83] Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, then General Robert E Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson[84] defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat The Northern Virginia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Bull Run, ended in yet another victory for the South[85] McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope's Union Army of Virginia, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops

Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North, when General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam[84] near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history[86] Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation[87]

Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj Gen Ambrose Burnside Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg[88] on December 13, 1862, when over twelve thousand Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj Gen Joseph Hooker Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville[89] in May 1863 He was replaced by Maj Gen George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg[90] (July 1 to July 3, 1863), the bloodiest battle of the war, which is sometimes considered the war's turning point Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often recalled as the high-water mark of the Confederacy, not just because it signaled the end of Lee's plan to pressure Washington from the north, but also because Vicksburg, Mississippi, the key stronghold to control of the Mississippi, fell the following day Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000)[91] However, Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee's retreat, and after Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln decided to turn to the Western Theater for new leadership

Western Theater 1861–1863

For more details on this topic, see Western Theater of the American Civil War

While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern theater, they were defeated many times in the West They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge[92] Leonidas Polk's invasion of Columbus, Kentucky ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization

Most of the Mississippi was opened to Union traffic with the taking of Island No 10 and New Madrid, Missouri, and then Memphis, Tennessee In May 1862 the Union Navy captured New Orleans[93] without a major fight, which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi Only the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, prevented Union control of the entire river

General Braxton Bragg's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj Gen Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville,[94] although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at liberating Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj Gen William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River[95] in Tennessee

The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga Bragg, reinforced by Lt Gen James Longstreet's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj Gen George Henry Thomas Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, which Bragg then besieged

The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S Grant, who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson (by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers); the Battle of Shiloh;[96] and the Battle of Vicksburg,[97] which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga,[98] driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy

 

教育部更新认可美国正规高校名单:印第安纳州

 

Indiana 印第安纳州

  A Cut Above Beauty College (Indianapolis)

  American Trans Air Aviation (Indianapolis)

  Ancilla College (Donaldson)

  Anderson University (Anderson)

  Anderson University School of Theology (Anderson)

  Apex Academy of Hair Design Inc (Anderson)

  Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary (Elkhart)

  Ball State University (Muncie)

  Bethany Theological Seminary (Richmond)

  Bethel College (Mishawaka)

  Butler University (Indianapolis)

  Calumet College of St Joseph (Whiting)

  Chapman School of Religious Studies of Oakland City University (Oakland City)

  Charles D Eubank & Associates, Inc (Evansville)

  Christian Theological Seminary (Indianapolis)

  College of Court Reporting (Hobart)

  Commonwealth Business College (Merrillville)

  Commonwealth Business College (Michigan City)

  Concordia Theological Seminary (Fort Wayne)

  Concordia Theological Seminary (IN) (Fort Wayne)

  Creative Hair Styling Academy (Highland)

  Crossroads Bible College (Indianapolis)

  Davenport University (Granger)

  Davenport University (Merrillville)

  David Demuth Institute of Cosmetology (Richmond)

  DePauw University (Greencastle)

  Don Roberts Beauty School (Valparaiso)

  Don Roberts School of Hair Design (Schererville)

  Earlham College (Richmond)

  Earlham School of Religion, Earlham College (Richmond)

  Evansville Tri-State Beauty College (Evansville)

  Franklin College (Franklin)

  Goshen College (Goshen)

  Grace College and Seminary (Winona Lake)

  Hair Arts Academy (Bloomington)

  Hair Fashions by Kaye Beauty College (Indianapolis)

  Hair Fashions by Kaye Beauty College (Noblesville)

  Hanes & Associates, Inc (Indianapolis)

  Hanover College (Hanover)

  Holy Cross College (Notre Dame)

  Huntington College (Huntington)

  Ideal Beauty Academy, Inc (Jeffersonville)

  Indiana Business College (Anderson)

  Indiana Business College (Columbus)

  Indiana Business College (Evansville)

  Indiana Business College (Fort Wayne)

  Indiana Business College (Indianapolis)

  Indiana Business College (Lafayette)

  Indiana Business College (Marion)

  Indiana Business College-Medical (Indianapolis)

  Indiana Business College (Muncie)

  Indiana Business College (Terre Haute)

  Indiana Institute of Technology (Fort Wayne)

  Indiana State University (Terre Haute)

  Indiana University Bloomington (Bloomington)

  Indiana University East (Richmond)

  Indiana University Kokomo (Kokomo)

  Indiana University Northwest (Gary)

  Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (Fort Wayne)

  Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis (Indianapolis)

  Indiana University South Bend (South Bend)

  Indiana University Southeast (New Albany)

  Indiana Wesleyan University (Marion)

  International Business College (Fort Wayne)

  International Business College (Indianapolis)

  ITT Technical Institute (Fort Wayne)

  ITT Technical Institute (Indianapolis)

  ITT Technical Institute (Newburgh)

  Ivy Tech State College (Indianapolis)

  J Michael Harrold Beauty Academy, Inc (Terre Haute)

  Knox Beauty College (Knox)

  Lafayette Beauty Academy Inc (Lafayette)

  Lincoln Technical Institute (Indianapolis)

  Manchester College (North Manchester)

  Marian College (Indianapolis)

  Martin University (Indianapolis)

  The Masters of Cosmetology College, Inc (Fort Wayne)

  Merrillville Beauty College (Merrillville)

  Michiana College (Fort Wayne)

  Michiana College (South Bend)

  Mid-America Reformed Seminary (Dyer)

  Oakland City University (Oakland City)

  Olympia College (Merrillville)

  PJ's College of Cosmetology - Branch Campus (Greenfield)

  PJ's College of Cosmetology - Branch Campus (Indianapolis)

  PJ's College of Cosmetology - Branch Campus (Muncie)

  PJ's College of Cosmetology - Branch Campus (Plainfield)

  PJ's College of Cosmetology (Clarksville)

  PJ's College of Cosmetology (Richmond)

  Professional Careers Institute (Indianapolis)

  Purdue University Calumet (Hammond)

  Purdue University-North Central (Westville)

  Purdue University (West Lafayette)

  Ravenscroft Beauty College (Fort Wayne)

  Roger's Academy of Hair Design, Inc (Evansville)

  Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (Terre Haute)

  Rudae's School of Beauty Culture (Fort Wayne)

  Rudae's School of Beauty Culture (Kokomo)

  Saint Joseph's College (Rensselaer)

  Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College (St Mary of the Wood)

  Saint Mary's College (Notre Dame)

  Saint Meinrad School of Theology (St Meinrad)

  Sawyer College (Hammond)

  Sawyer College (Merrillville)

  Taylor University (Upland)

  Tri-State University (Angola)

  University of Evansville (Evansville)

  University of Indianapolis (Indianapolis)

  University of Notre Dame Department of Theology (Notre Dame)

  University of Notre Dame (Notre Dame)

  University of Saint Francis (Fort Wayne)

  University of Southern Indiana (Evansville)

  Valparaiso University (Valparaiso)

  Vincennes Beauty College (Vincennes)

  Vincennes University (Vincennes)

  Wabash College (Crawfordsville)

旧金山是美国较大的的一座城市,拥有非常高的知名度,也是著名的现代化城市,著名的金门大桥以及各种警匪大战的取景地都是很好的旅游目的地,下面给大家分享旧金山旅游必去景点和注意事项。

游历旧金山这个充满包容多元的美西典型城市,需要做一些行程上的规划,如果时间紧迫,可以在联合广场附近购买那种观光巴士票。但如果有3天左右时间还是建议租用一辆自行车,在这座美丽的美式城市中慢慢体会他的多元和繁华。

旧金山可以被分为三个区域来进行游览,在地处旧金山中心地带的市中心(downtown)区域,拥有热闹非凡的联合广场(Union

Square)和有着“美国西海岸的华尔街”之称的金融区(FinancialDistrict);

位于市中心东北部的渔人码头(Fisherman’s

Wharf)则是每一个前往旧金山的游客不能错过的地方,从这里也可以前往曾经恶名昭著的恶魔岛(AlcatrazIsland);以金门大桥(GoldenGate

Bridge)为代表的其他区域也是游客们最常到达的地方,醒目的金门大桥和嬉皮士发祥地海特-阿什伯里(Haight-Ashbury)都是名声在外的著名景观。

市中心区域

联合广场UnionSquare★★★

联合广场坐落在旧金山的闹市区,位于鲍尔街(PowellSt)、PostStreet、StocktonStreet和Geary

Street四条街道的交汇处,是旧金山市区的标志性建筑,电车的鲍尔站就设在附近,由此前往市区其他景点也十分便利。联合广场的总占地面积达到55万平方米,周围酒店和购物中心林立,是全美国第三大购物区;在广场的中央有一座高耸的Dewey纪念碑(Dewey

Monument),这是为了纪念1895年5月1日美国海军在马尼拉海湾击败西班牙舰队而设立的。每到圣诞节期间,联合广场还会装扮一新,举办许多庆祝活动。

交通:乘坐缆车鲍尔-海德线即可到达

市政厅CityHall★★

市政中心是旧金山的行政中枢,也是旧金山市表演艺术的集中地区。建于1915年的市政厅是一栋庄严的圆顶建筑,仿梵蒂冈的圣彼得大教堂,被公认是全美最美丽的公共建筑物之一,法国文艺复兴式的设计,布满铜绿的金色圆顶,远远望去辉煌而大气。

在下午太阳要下山的时候,这里鸟儿飞过,圆顶建筑下夕阳的映照下特别上相。

地址:VanNessAvenue400SanFrancisco

电话:0014155544000

开放时间:周一至周五8:00-17:00

门票:免费

旧金山现代艺术博物馆SanFranciscoMuseumofModernArt★★

博物馆原建于1935年,旧址在市政中心的退伍军人大楼(Veterans

Building)内,是美国西岸第一座专门收藏现代艺术的博物馆,也是全美国第二大的博物馆。博物馆在1995年搬到苏玛区(SOMA),新馆特聘瑞士名建筑师马里奥·波塔(Mario

Botta)设计,整座建筑物非常具有现代感。

馆内收藏着二十世纪极具代表性的西方艺术家的作品,如“野兽派”的法国画家马蒂斯(Henri

Matisse)、“普普画派”的美国画家安迪沃荷(AndyWarhol)、善画花卉的女画家乔治亚奥奇菲(Georgia

O'Keeffe)和专画人物的墨西哥画家弗莉妲卡荷洛(FredaKahlo)等。

地址:151ThirdStreet(betweenMissionandHowardStreets)SanFrancisco,CA

94103

电话:0014153574000

开放时间:周一、周二11:00-17:45;周四11:00-20:45;周五&周六11:00-17:45;夏季的开放时间比平时要早一个小时

门票:成人125美元/人;老人(62岁以上)8美元/人;学生(需持有效证件)7美元/人;持有旧金山通票可免费入内

北滩NorthBeach★★

旧金山北滩是一处位于唐人街和渔人码头之间的社区,从早期打鱼为生的意大利村蜕变为餐厅、咖啡馆林立的活跃商业圈,更因为哥伦布大道(Columbus

Ave)上专门售卖思想前卫书籍的独立书店“城市之光”(CityLightBookstore),打出了北滩的知名度。

北滩的移民最先来自智利,现在则以意大利人居多,这里是旧金山嬉皮文化的发源地,被人们成为“小意大利区”。这片区域内时髦的小店和餐馆林立,尤其是咖啡馆的风气一直吸引着豪放不羁的艺术家们。其中最为著名的当属上个世纪五十年代的“披头族”(Beat)时代。

“披头族”的代表人物是金斯堡(Allen

Ginsberg)、凯洛亚克(JackKerouac)、卡西迪(Neal

Cassady)等人。他们当年由纽约迁到旧金山,每天写作、弹奏音乐,并鼓吹东方宗教、自由恋爱、自由思考、吸毒,以新颖而惊世骇俗的艺术表达方式为世人所知。

现在的北滩内的嬉皮士思想虽然已经不再前卫,但是略带一些颓废和低迷的气氛却仍然受到很多游客的青睐,悠闲的午后,一杯咖啡,惬意打发一个下午,是很多人在这里的生活写照。

交通:搭乘鲍尔梅森线的电缆车在哥伦布大道下车

九曲花街LombardStreet★★

街道位于北滩(NorthBeach),是“全世界最弯曲的道路”(themostcrookedstreetinthe

world),也是旧金山最著名的景点之一。旧金山是一座建筑在山丘上的城市,因此城市内的街道多半都会有坡度,九曲花街就是其中的典型,这条街道不但呈三十度下斜,还有八个九十度转弯,开起车来非常惊险刺激;但是如果_车不太灵的话,建议步行游览。街道上遍植花木,春天的绣球、夏天的玫瑰和秋天的菊花把它点缀得花团锦簇,令散步其中的人倍觉赏心悦目,而且心旷神怡。小百觉得这里名气大于实际,去渔人码头的时候路过这里看一下,拍一下北滩的全境也是不错的。

交通:搭乘鲍尔-梅森线的电缆车在九曲花街站下车

唐人街ChinaTown★★★

旧金山的唐人街非常有名,是海外唐人街之最,历史最为悠久,更是亚洲之外最大的华人小区。唐人街共占有16条街口,有10万华裔居民。Grant大道和加利福尼亚街(California

Street)的交叉处是唐人街的中心部分,游客一般都是从位于Grant大道处“天下为公”的牌楼进入唐人街。这里除了有海外唐人街必不可少的杂货店与餐馆云集以外,更有浓郁的中国特色。街面上的店铺栉比,标牌一律汉字,店铺里面卖的尽是国货,以中国儿童玩具和民间工艺品为主。

交通:乘坐加利福尼亚街线缆车即可到达

富豪山NobHill★★

所谓的富豪山其实就是旧金山市区内的一座小山丘,也是旧金山市内眺望市内景色的最佳地点之一。同时由于山顶位置较高,有良好的视野,也属于地价较贵的高尚区域;过去这里是几个有钱人建豪宅的地方,但在1906年旧金山大地震时都被震垮,之后多数豪宅被改建为高级饭店。站在山顶往北看,可以看到美丽的旧金山湾以及海上的岛屿,尤其是天气晴朗的日子,云淡风轻,令人愉悦。

交通:搭乘加利福尼亚线缆车可以到达山顶

亚洲艺术博物馆AsianArtMuseum★

博物馆内主要以亚洲艺术收藏品为主,丰富的馆藏量使之成为世界上最大的亚洲艺术品收藏博物馆之一,不仅有多座栩栩如生的佛像,还有诸如韩国的传统服饰等,是一个了解亚洲艺术的绝好去处。馆内的艺术品排列的非常巧妙,常常令前来参观的游客不住赞叹。

地址:200LarkinStSanFrancisco,CA94102

电话:0014155813500

开放时间:周二、周三10:00-17:00;周四10:00-21:00;

周五&周六10:00-17:00

门票:成人12美元/人;老人(65岁以上需持有效证件)8美元/人;学生和儿童(13岁-17岁)7美元/人;每周四下午五点之后5美元/人;持有旧金山通票免门票

渔人码头区域

渔人码头Fisherman’sWharf★★★

渔人码头位于旧金山市中心区以北约32公里处,原是意大利渔民聚集的渔港,到了60年代,由于渔获量减少,才逐渐演变成观光景点,并逐渐成为旧金山的标志。

渔人码头有三处最明显的标志:一是位于杰佛森街(Jefferson

St)和泰勒街(TaylorSt)交叉路口的巨蟹标记;二是成群躺在船坞上晒太阳的海狮;

三是39号码头(Pier

39)中央的旋转木马。如今渔人码头附近聚集了很多的购物中心,一路上,旧金山蟹的卖家鳞次栉比,街上的乐师和艺术家们的表演也是一个接一个,非常热闹。

位于鲍尔-海德线终点站的哥拉德利广场(Ghiradelli

Square)是渔人码头另一个用餐与购物的好去处,这里有旧金山最有名的Ghiradelli巧克力售卖,非常受游客的喜欢;每到晚上,广场周围霓虹闪烁,一片繁忙景象。

交通:乘坐缆车鲍尔-海德线即可到达

39号码头Pier39

39号码头原本是渔人码头东面的一座栈桥,1978年被建成了两层的木制小楼,里面有许多别致的商店和餐厅。沿着39号码头旁边的人行步道走到尽头,只要阳光普照,十之八九可以看到为数众多的海狮慵懒地躺在飘浮木筏上做日光浴,有的不断摇摆胖胖的身躯,有的努力仰着头发出声音以吸引众人的目光。水世界海底水族馆(Aquarium

oftheBay)也是39号码头附近一个十分有趣的地方,这是美国第一座位于海底的水族馆,游客可以直接经过用有机玻璃制作的海底隧道观赏海景。

地址:39BeachStSanFrancisco,CA94133

电话:0014157055500

水世界海底水族_AquariumoftheBay

地址:TheEmbarcaderoandBeachStreetSanFrancisco,CA94133

电话:001888SEADIVE;0014156235300

开放时间:夏季:周一至周日9:00-20:00;

冬季:周一至周四10:00-18:00;周五-周日10:00-19:00

门票:成人1495美元/人;儿童(3岁-11岁)&老人(65岁以上)8美元/人

WaxMuseum

位于杰佛森街上的名人蜡像馆WaxMuseum里展出的名人蜡像维妙维肖,馆内除了有著名摇滚明星猫王(ElvisAron

Presley)、伊利莎白泰勒(ElizabethTaylor)等超级巨星外,还有成龙施展中国拳脚的蜡像,深受游客们的欢迎。

地址:145JeffersonStreetSanFrancisco,CA,94133

电话:0014158854834

开放时间:周一至周日10:00-21:00

门票:成人1295美元/人;学生(12岁-17岁)&老人(55岁以上)995美元/人;

儿童(6岁-11岁)695美元/人

TIPS码头套票WharfPass和旧金山湾巡游SanFranciscoBayCruise

凭此套票可游览旧金山渔人码头各主要景点,并进行旧金山湾巡游,套票还包括旧金山市内的双层敞篷观光巴士和灰线游览的巴士票价,套票有效期为三天。

价格:成人61美元/人;儿童(5岁-11岁):38美元/人

旧金山湾巡游是从渔人码头出发,乘坐轮船在海上欣赏旧金山风貌的项目,有两条航线可供选择,分别是Blue&Gold

Fleet和Red&WhiteFleet。

Blue&Gold

Fleet从41号码头出发,经过金门大桥之后前往恶魔岛,还有发往旧金山周边市镇的轮船;Red&White

Fleet从43码头出发,船上有包括英语、西班牙语和汉语等八种语言服务,参观线路包括恶魔岛和位于旧金山东北部的北滩(North

Beach)等,两条航线的游览时间都为一个小时。

电话:Blue&GoldFleet:0014157058200;Red&WhiteFleet:001415

6732900

运营时间:Blue&Gold

Fleet:周一至周五10:30开始,大概每45分钟-1个小时发一班;周末10:45开始,每45分钟-1个小时发一班

Red&WhiteFleet:每天10:00开始;大概每45分钟-1个小时发一班

票价:Blue&GoldFleet:成人22美元/人;老人(62岁以上)&学生(12岁-18岁)

18美元/人;儿童(5岁-11岁)14美元/人;

Red&WhiteFleet:成人30美元/人;儿童(5岁-17岁)20美元/人

恶魔岛AlcatrazIsland★★

大名鼎鼎的恶魔岛以前是美国联邦政府囚禁恶性重大罪犯的地方,如芝加哥“教父”艾尔·卡邦(AlCapone)、杀人如麻又对鸟类极有研究的“鸟人”史特劳德

(RobertStroud)和冷血的“机关枪杀手”凯利(George

Kelly)等。这些罪犯被送到这里监禁,是因为恶魔岛四周波涛汹涌,鲨鱼成群,活着逃出去绝无可能,小岛的名字也来源与此。

现在的恶魔岛早已变为旧金山地区的一个游览胜地,许多**选择在这里拍摄,如尼古拉斯·凯奇主演的《勇闯夺命岛》(TheRock)。

小岛距离渔人码头仅2公里的距离,坐船只需要10分钟左右的时间,可以搭乘从渔人码头出发的Blue&Gold

Fleet前往恶魔岛。

建议登上小岛后买一份地图,自己去探寻这充满未知的刺激世界;岛上除了监狱外,周围的海域还以丰富的海洋生物而著名。

交通:搭乘Blue&GoldFleet即可到达

监狱开放时间:每天早上9:00开始开放

门票:免费

其他区域

金门大桥GoldenGateBridge★★★

金门大桥是连接旧金山及马连郡(Marin)的桥梁。于1937年开通,全长约27公里,高227米,整座大桥呈鲜艳的砖红色,是世界上最壮观的大桥之一,也被视为旧金山的象征。

在淘金热时期,这座大桥如同是通往金矿的一扇大门,因此被命名为“金门大桥”。桥的两侧设有约12公里长的步行道,供行人与脚踏车通行,往返需要一个小时,如果驾车前往旧金山,则需要付3美元的费用;桥上风很大,上桥参观的时候最好带衣服防寒。

在大桥两端临海湾的一侧设有免费观景台和停车场,但最佳的观景地点是大桥南面的Fort

Point_望台;位于大桥东南侧的金门大桥礼品商店主要出售各种相关纪念品,并提供餐饮服务,店内还有关于金门大桥的介绍和展览等。

地址:USHwy101SanFranciscoCAUSA94901-5381

交通:搭乘28路、29路巴士可以到达,76路巴士仅在周日可以到达

艺术宫PalaceofFineArts★★

艺术宫是旧金山最有名的景点之一,位于旧金山东南部的海港区(Marina

District),原建于1915年,为了巴拿马太平洋万国博览会所兴建,曾吸引了1800万游客参观。但艺术宫在会后就被废弃,直到1962年才聘请著名德裔建筑师梅贝克(Bernard

Maybeck)设计重修,梅贝克专长细部装修,使得艺术宫重见天日。

艺术宫面对着一个人工湖,水色青碧,不时游过几只雪白的天鹅,人工湖边的草地上散布着长椅,经常会有人前来野餐或者专程来到这里享受这份宁静。

探索科学博物馆(Exploratorium)与艺术宫剧院(ThePalaceofFineArts

Theatre)也位于此,是假日休闲的好去处。

地址:3301LyonSt,SanFrancisco

交通:搭乘28路巴士到达

电话:0014155636504

开放时间:全天

门票:免费

金门公园GoldenGatePark★★★

金门公园位于旧金山的西北部;长5公里,宽800米;从贝克街(Baker

Street)一直扩展到太平洋海岸,把里士满(Richmond)和日落区(Sunset)分成两个区域,占地超过400公顷,由十几座小型的公园组成的;公园里面小桥、流水、苍翠的林木及奇异的花卉到处都是;并结合了博物馆、艺术中心、游乐场及大型的运动场;为当前世界上最大型的都市综合人造公园。

对于运动爱好者来说,金门公园无疑是座天堂,这里跑马场、田径场、钓鱼场、划船场、高尔夫球场、网球场、足球场、板球场等应有尽有;而公园内众多的花朵温室和加州科学院(California

AcademyofSciences)令喜欢安静的人同样不忍离去。

郁金香花园(QueenWihelminaTulip

Garden)坐落于48街,靠近太平洋。整座花园以一座风车为中心向四周发散,风车及花园都是荷兰女王送给旧金山的礼物;每年的春季,大批的赏花游客会涌入这个占地不大的花园;届时会有超过14000朵的郁金香在此盛开。

日本茶道花园(Japanese

Tea

Garden)开幕于1894年;是美国境内最古老的日本庭园;里面除了有传统的日本建筑-小桥、流水和一座18世纪的佛陀石像之外;每年最有看头的莫过于三、四月间盛开的樱花,此时也是吸引最多人潮的时候。莎士比亚花园(Shakespeare

Garden)是一座著名的英式庭园,成立于1928年,里面种植了150种以上的植物,但仅限于莎士比亚戏剧及诗作中提到的,在公园内里面还有一尊莎士比亚的塑像。

加州科学院成立于1853年,是美洲西岸最古老的科学院,这里强调生动活泼的展示方式,模拟真实环境的非洲企鹅天地(African

PenguinFeedings)、展现星座运行路线的天文馆(Astrobiology)、收容14000多种海洋生物的水族馆(Steinhart

Aquarium)、重现加州地理景观和野生动物的野性加州(Californiaonthe

Edge)等,让孩子们能在实际体验中对大自然有一个充分的认识。加州科学院的门票和开放时间等详细信息可登陆网站查看。

金门公园地址:GoldenGateParkSanFrancisco,CA

门票:免费

日本茶道花园JapaneseTeaGarden

电话:0014157524227

开放时间:周一至周日8:30-18:00

门票:成人35美元/人;儿童(6岁-12岁)125美元/人

莎士比亚花园ShakespeareGarden

电话:0014158312700

开放时间:周一至周日6:00-20:00

门票:免费

加州科学院CaliforniaAcademyofSciences

电话:0014153218000

网站:http://wwwcalacademyorg

海特—阿什伯里Haight-Ashbury★★

这里在上个世纪的60年代被旧金山的嬉皮士们作为聚集地,名扬全美,成为当时不羁的年轻人们最向往的地方。

现在这里变为一个酒吧聚集地,每到晚上就热闹非凡。但周围的治安也不是很好,如果前往尽量避免单独行动。

交通:乘坐6路巴士即可到达

探索科学博物馆Exploratorium

探索科学博物馆是一个很活泼的地方,游客可以实地看见展品的制造或修理过程,亲身体验自然科学原理。受过训练的解说员,会协助访客使用并了解这些展览的物品。

地址:3601LyonStreetSanFrancisco,CA94123

电话:001415EXPLORE

开放时间:夏季:周一至周日10:00-18:00;冬季:周二-周日10:00-17:00

门票:成人(18岁-64岁)14美元/人;学生(18岁以上,需持有效证件)&老人(65岁以上)

11美元/人;残疾人&儿童(13岁-17岁)11美元/人;

TIPS旧金山,同性恋的天堂

旧金山是无可否认的同性恋天堂。2004年,旧金山市市长Gavin

Newsom在市政厅为来自世界各地的同性恋人主持了婚礼,这一盛举也使旧金山在同性恋的历史上占有了一席之地。

在旧金山,关于同性恋的活动层出不穷,其中最有名的就是旧金山男女同性恋**节(San

FranciscoGay&LesbianFilm

Festival)、大规模的同性恋游行以及大型的万圣节晚会等,常常能够看见变装的男女同性恋队伍进行浩浩荡荡的大游行。

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