德国穆尼黑啤酒节的介绍(有英文的最好了)

Oktoberfest德国穆尼黑啤酒节

The Oktoberfest is a sixteen-day festival held each year in Munich, Bavaria, Germany during late September (and running to early October) It is one of the most famous events in the city and the world's largest fair, with some six million people attending every year, and is an enjoyable event with an important part of Bavarian culture Other cities across the world also hold Oktoberfest celebrations, modeled after the Munich event

Oktoberfestbiers are the beers that have been served at the event in Munich since 1818, and are supplied by 6 breweries known as the Big Six: Spaten, Löwenbräu, Augustiner, Hofbräu, Paulaner and Hacker-Pschorr[1] Traditionally Oktoberfestbiers were the lagers of around 55 to 6% abv called Märzen - brewed in March and allowed to ferment slowly during the summer months[2] Originally these would have been dark lagers, but from 1872 a strong March brewed version of an amber-red Vienna lager made by Josef Sedlmayr became the favourite Oktoberfestbier

Since the 1970s the type of beer served at the festival has been a pale lager between 5 and 6% abv, and the terms Oktoberfest and Märzen are used by non-Oktoberfest brewers in Germany and the USA to market pale lagers of this strength[3] The color of these lagers may range from pale gold to deep amber, with the darker colours more common in the USA Hop levels tend not to be distinctive, though some American examples may be firmly hopped Modern beers sold as Oktoberfest and Märzen in Europe tend not to be too differentiated from other pale lagers of this strength, while older German and American influenced examples will be fairly malty in flavour and inclined to use a range of malts, especially dark malts such as Vienna or Munich[4]

The Munich Oktoberfest, traditionally, takes place during the sixteen days up to and including the first Sunday in October In 1990, the schedule was modified in response to German reunification so that if the first Sunday in October falls on the 1st or 2nd, then the festival will go on until October 3 (German Unity Day) Thus, the festival is now 17 days when the 1st Sunday is October 2 and 18 days when it is October 1 The festival is held on an area named the Theresienwiese (field, or meadow, of Therese), often called d’ Wiesn for short

Visitors also eat huge amounts of food, most of it traditional hearty fare such as Hendl (chicken), Schweinsbraten (roast pork), Haxn (knuckle of pork), Steckerlfisch (grilled fish on a stick), Würstel (sausages) along with Brezel (Pretzel)), Knödeln (potato or bread dumplings), Käsespätzle (cheese noodles), Reiberdatschi (potato pancakes), Sauerkraut or Blaukraut (red cabbage) along with such Bavarian delicacies as Obatzda (a fatty, spiced cheese-butter concoction) and Weisswurst (a white sausage)

德国啤酒节

啤酒节源于德国，1810年的十月，为了庆祝巴伐利亚的路德维格王子和萨克森国的希尔斯公主的婚礼而举行的盛大庆典。自那以后，十月啤酒节就作为巴伐利亚的一个传统的民间节日保留下来。每年从九月下旬到十月上旬，人们倾巢而出，亲朋好友相伴，恋人情相依，欢聚在一起，喝着自制的鲜酿啤酒，吃着德国独有的各式各样的香肠和面包，其间乐队身着民族服装穿梭于人群之中，娴熟地演奏轻松欢快的乐曲。

德国的啤酒主义文化

　　啤酒不是酒，这就是日尔曼人的范畴学。在标准的德国公司里，总会有一个员工餐厅，或者是置放饮料的冰箱什么的，里面放着各种花色类型的啤酒。而上班时间喝这些饮料，不会被认为是不合适。

　　和世界杯无关，这其实算是德国“啤酒主义”文化的组成部分。不难回溯出，德国对啤酒发展史和酿造科学的贡献大概是世界上最大的，不仅是大多数贮藏啤酒品种的诞生地，也创造出了许多独特的艾尔(Ale)风格,可类比该国对哲学、文学世界和音乐殿堂之贡献。

　　很多非啤酒热爱人士，对贮藏啤酒和艾尔总是区别不清楚，若是去多特蒙德旅游时参观到著名的“啤酒博物馆”，更是会被繁复、差异的工序弄昏头。

　　其实，遵循传统做法中之主流，是按酵母品种为啤酒分类：使用艾尔酵母的，和使用贮藏啤酒酵母。在分装入桶、瓶、听时，多数商业啤酒会来一番过滤，再就是加热杀菌，而传统的艾尔只进行轻微的过滤。

　　单口感而言也是容易辨别，艾尔啤酒有果香复合口味，饮用温度较高，而新式的贮藏啤酒是那种更“爽洁”的口味。在上个世纪中后期，视觉上清亮明澈的贮藏啤酒，相较传统的艾尔、波特(Porter)及赛多特(stout)吸引了越来越多的消费者。

　　三十年又河西，艾尔的非标准化个性特征正让其东山再起。目前较著名的德国艾尔风格啤酒有:主产在慕尼黑的维斯啤酒(Weissbier/Weizen)，大的生产厂家好比来上海铂金稀缺地段开餐馆的慕尼黑宝莱纳(Paulaner)，流行品牌如爱丁格尔(Erdinger)、涌泉弗朗奇斯卡娜(Spaten Franziskaner)等。

　　以3K——教堂(Kirchen)，酒馆(Kneipen)和狂欢节(Karneval)——闻名的科隆地区则是出产一种叫 “酷而实”(Kolsch)的艾尔。使用贵族型的酒花如哈雷图尔，有低度到中度酒花香和苦味，厂家Kuppers Brewery在这个领域雄霸全球。

　　德国最大啤酒家族之一迪拜尔兹的家乡杜塞尔多夫市，则是生产爽脆苦味的艾尔，叫阿尔特(Altbier)。至于储藏啤酒，前述的多特蒙德便是由闻名啤酒界的多特蒙德出口贮藏啤酒(Dortmunder Export Lagers)。

　　慕尼黑的十月啤酒节，让他国人提到德国啤酒就想象慕尼黑大叔手持1升啤酒杯，大啖整鸡的场景。其实还可以做另一种情景想象，因为德国、欧洲乃至世界历史的很多片段，与“啤酒主义”文化存在诸多交集。如1919年秋天，希特勒就是在慕尼黑一家叫Hofbraeus的小啤酒馆和纳粹党的前身德国工人党接上了头，从而开始了其政治生涯。

　　这家啤酒馆还在，就位于市政广场旁，现正为万国球迷簇拥。

　　说到深入国家文化骨髓的德国啤酒文化，不能不提及啤酒园(Biergarten)。这不是日本那种屋顶上挂着粉红色灯笼或闪烁霓虹灯的场所，而是庭中有栗子树或菩提树一类的大植物的露天饮酒场所。可以说代表慕尼黑贮藏啤酒产品的皇家啤酒厂和罗温布鲁，也是开放巨大啤酒园，为上千啤酒爱好者的夜生活提供场地。

　　喝啤酒时的习惯，日尔曼人也和包括中国在内的东方人不同，即不一定会佐配小菜，最多是咸面包。假如喝的同时佐以乳酪或生火腿、香肠，这就已经成为正餐的一部分，而不算是下酒小菜了。

　　有趣的是，啤酒在德国宗教史上也发挥过功勋作用：古代天主教徒在复活节前的四旬节需为纪念基督受难而禁食，其时便有修道院研发、生产的修塔库啤酒卖。该种艾尔啤酒颜色很深，酒精浓度达到55%，又含有丰富的矿物质和维生素，用来作为补充和支撑禁食四十天的体能所需。